This is slightly higher than the prevalence rates in previous analyses that included cases of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis without an incubus phenomenon. This difference was significant ( P < 0.001).Ĭonclusion: This review and meta-analysis yielded a lifetime prevalence of the incubus phenomenon in the general population of 0.11 and, in selected samples, of 0.41. In selected samples (e.g., patients with a psychiatric disorder, refugees, and students), prevalence rates were nearly four times higher (0.41, 95% CI = 0.25–0.56, k = 4, n = 1,275) than in the random samples (0.11, 95% CI = 0.08–0.14, k = 10, n = 4,804). The pooled lifetime prevalence rate of the incubus phenomenon was 0.19 with heterogeneous estimates over different samples. Results: Of the 1,437 unique records, 13 met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 14 ( k) independent prevalence estimates (total N = 6,079). Methods: PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for prevalence studies of the incubus phenomenon, and a meta-analysis was performed. This is unfortunate, since the incubus phenomenon has a much greater clinical relevance than isolated sleep paralysis. Its prevalence rate is unknown since, in prior analyses, cases of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis with/without an incubus phenomenon have been pooled together.
It tends to be accompanied by sleep paralysis, anxiety, vegetative symptoms, and feelings of suffocation. The condition has an almost stereotypical presentation, characterized by a hallucinated being that exerts pressure on the thorax, meanwhile carrying out aggressive and/or sexual acts. 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlandsīackground: The incubus phenomenon is a paroxysmal sleep-related disorder characterized by compound hallucinations experienced during brief phases of (apparent) wakefulness.3Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands.2Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.1Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.Jan-Pieter Bervoets 1 and Jan Dirk Blom 1,3,4*
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